Archive for April, 2010

Medicine, sonography, ultrasound is used to detect changes in the appearance and function of organs, tissues, or abnormal growths such as tumors.

Ultrasound medical imaging is based on the same principle that relates to the sonar used by bats, ships and fishermen.

When a sound wave strikes an object, it bounces back or echoes. By measuring these echo waves caused by possible determine the distance that is the purpose and as shape, size, consistency (in the case of an object solid containing fluids, or both) and uniformity.

In an ultrasound examination, a transducer sends waves and records acoustic waves caused by the echo. Pressing the transducer against the skin, it directs a stream of sound waves high frequency inaudible to the body. As sound waves bounce off the organs, tissue and fluid internally, the sensitive microphone in the transducer records the minimal changes that occur in the tone and direction sound. A computer measures and displays these waves line instantly, which in turn creates an image real time on the monitor. These live images in general recorded on videotape and image capture static one or more structures of the moving image.

Doppler ultrasound, a special application of ultrasound, measures the direction and velocity of blood cells (flow blood) as they move through vessels. The movement of blood cells causes a change in the tone of the reflected sound waves (called the Doppler Effect). A computer collects and processes the sounds and creates graphs or images that represent the flow of blood through blood vessels.

After the therapy, High Intensity Focused Ultrasound was introduced into the environment of medicine, opened a new and effective option for fight against prostate cancer treatment of localized cancers, also for those patients who have failed other treatments located such as brachytherapy or cryotherapy and RT.

By Gilberto Chechile, A urologist who specializes has already tested this revolutionary treatment, The patients are treated with external beam radiation they are limited to undergo further treatment in the future. The external radiotherapy is one of the treatments used in the treatment of localized prostate cancer, And failure rate for this treatment is approximately thirty percent. Then these patients are left with a very limited possibilities for the treatment of their disease as not recommended (In general) radical surgery because tends to bring complications for patients after performing. This is the motive driving the implementation of this new method (HIFU) to treat the problem of prostate cancer.

This new treatment prevents tumor growth by fifty percent of patients and in an eighty percent, if low-risk initial tumor. This is a useful method for patients who have failed radiation therapy, Being a bit aggressive treatment with a fifty percent control over the tumor.

Assess the current state of the use of High frequency Ultrasound (HIFU) in the treatment of prostatic cancer (Cap).

HIFU technology is currently being implemented and regularly in Europe in the treatment of PC. The main indications today are twofold: the application of HIFU therapy as a first step and as rescue therapy in post-radiotherapy recurrences. The works are based on developing clinical teams. Although recent reports suggest that HIFU treatment is a form useful for the Cap well and moderately differentiated, there is still no comparisons between this minimal invasive therapy with standard treatments. Continue finding disparity when the definition of disease-free survival (DFS), which makes the interpretation of results and drawing conclusions.

The experience of specialized working groups HIFU is highly promising. An important fact to emphasize is its great capacity of tumor necrosis both in cases in primary and post-radiotherapy recurrences. To draw conclusions medium to long term we must generate randomized, controlled clinical trials with sufficient follow-up to measure benefits in terms of overall survival and quality of life (balance adverse effects / benefits), make comparisons with standard therapies and standardize the criteria for defining of SLE.

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The administration of an antibiotic to patients newly diagnosed his condition halve mortality in the early stages of the disease, the researchers wrote in an article published in the Lancet medical journal.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and supports this treatment for years, and recommends daily use for the treatment of children with the virus. But experts warn that many people are not given the drug.

Prevention for those affected

Much of the battle of the pharmaceutical against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been focused on the development of antiviral medicines that can extend life expectancy significantly.

You can save tens of thousands of lives with a more extensive use of the drug, which costs a few dollars per day.

However, many patients experiencing the highest risk during the first weeks after diagnosis with multiple infections that threaten their weakened immune system.

Research has estimated that about one quarter of people who are on antiviral therapy programs in sub-Saharan Africa die within the first year of the disease.

But it was discovered that, if these long-term treatment is added the antibiotic cotrimoxazole (Antibiotics for AIDS), can prevent many deaths in people with a defense system most affected.

The Lancet study, conducted in 3179 Ugandan patients showed a reduction of 59% in the first 12 weeks, and 44% between weeks 12 and 72.

Unavailability

But the issue is not so simple, because the drug is not available in many places, say the authors of the study, by scientists from the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, and centers in Uganda and Zimbabwe.

Do not forget that there are still millions of people in Africa who need anti-viral and can not get them.

They stated that their findings reinforce the need for swifter action on the part of those responsible for treatment programs.

Professor Charles Gilks, who led the research, said that all the doubts about the effectiveness of the antibiotic and are now well dispelled.

“You can save tens of thousands of lives with a more extensive use of the drug, which costs a few pennies a day,” he said.

To make matters worse, this antibiotic has another benefit: it reduces the incidence of malaria by 25%.

High efficiency

Co-author Diana Gibb said it is necessary to accelerate the availability and supply of the drug and offer it to all new patients in the first 18 months.

But, said Dr. Alvaro Bermejo, head of the International Partnership against HIV / AIDS, access to this treatment is in itself an even bigger problem.

“Let us not forget that there are still millions of people in Africa who need anti-viral and can not get them.

“As the study confirms, antiviral treatment reduces the risk of death in more than 90%, and the antibiotic cotrimoxazole reduces it further.”

Therefore, Dr. Russell stressed the need for concerted efforts to ensure that all who need treatment can get it.

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Dr. Mark Weiser and colleagues at Sheba Medical Center in Tel Hashomer Medical found that young people who smoked a pack of cigarettes or more a day had IQs 7.5 points lower than nonsmokers.

“Adolescents with low IQ scores should be the target of programs designed to prevent snuff,” they conclude in the journal Addiction.

While there is evidence of the relationship between smoking and lower IQ, many studies have been based on intelligence tests carried out in childhood, and have included people with mental or behavioral problems, which are more likely to smoke and have a low IQ, said Weiser and his team.

To better understand the relationship between snuff and IQ, the scientists looked at 20,211 young people recruited by the Israeli army.

The group did not include anyone with serious mental health problems because these individuals are not fit for military service.

According to scientists, 28 percent of the participants smoked at least one cigarette a day, about 3 percent were former smokers and 68 percent had never smoked.

The smokers had poorer data on intelligence tests than non-smokers, and this continued so even after the researchers took into account socioeconomic status, measured by years of formal education is the father of the recruit.

Mean IQ of non-smokers was 101, while it stood at 94 for men who started smoking before entering the Army.

The ratio fell with increasing the number of cigarettes, 98 for those who smoked between 1 and 5 to 90 for those who consumed more than one package.

The score between 84 and 116 is considered average intelligence level.

The recruits were prohibited from smoking while doing the test so it is possible that the withdrawal could affect the results, the researchers said.

To address this issue, they found scores of men who did not smoke when they entered but began to do during military service.

They also had worse scores than those who never smoked, 97 on average, “Give up nicotine, indicating that probably was not the cause of difference”, they said.

They also studied the IQ of 70 pairs of brothers, one of whom smoked and the other not. Again, the best score obtained nonsmoker.

The findings imply that individuals with lower IQs are more likely to smoke, rather than smoking makes people less intelligent, they concluded.

A private clinic in London on Wednesday raffle chance to win fertility treatment with donor eggs from a chosen according to personal preferences, British media reported Sunday.

According to reports, the clinic The Bridge Center is presenting the initiative to promote a new service that launched in collaboration with Genetics and IVF Institute in Fairfax, Virginia (USA), allowing women to get pregnant choose the profile of the egg donor.

The winner of the raffle will benefit from fertility treatment in the United States worth about 13,000 pounds (14,300 euros) and will choose the donor of the egg to personal preferences as to ethnicity, physical characteristics and education.

The service offered by the Anglo-American joint venture, aimed at women aged between 40 and 50, allows children to see pictures of the donors, university general between 20 and 30.

In the UK it is forbidden to pay for egg donation, except 250 pounds (about 276.3 million) in expenses, but in the U.S. donors can earn up to $ 6,600 based on their profile.

The partnership with the U.S. clinic will allow the British to circumvent the law in Britain, which prohibits both the marketing of eggs as the choice of those with the characteristics of the donor.

The Bridge Center, which tomorrow celebrates a day of “open door” channel the treatments to the U.S., where the eggs will also provide “custom made”.

As part of the service of choice of eggs, which may be the Internet, aspiring fertilization processes may see photos of the children of donors, who passed a shortlist and, for example, can not be overweight, “and when the process is more advanced, including current images.

The news has sparked debate in the British press about the ethical issues involved the possibility of “buying” as eggs.

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