Small return to the past…

In 1959, a team of French doctors, including Professor Lucas reveals for the first time the presence of an extra chromosome on pair 21.

It was not until 1965 that the term of Trisomy 21 is accepted by the World Health Organization.

Origin of trisomy 21 down syndrome and risk factors

Trisomy 21 is a chromosomal abnormality. It affects both girls and boys.

Trisomy 21 in the term “tri” meaning “three” and “some” means “chromosome”, that is to say “three chromosomes 21. This extra chromosome will cause disorder in the construction of the fetus. It usually comes from an error in the manufacture of the egg.

The two main risk factors are age of mother at pregnancy (over age, the higher the risk is too) and the presence in the family of a person with Trisomy 21.

The screening of Trisomy 21 is now routinely offered to pregnant women. It can be done in the first trimester of pregnancy, as recommended by the High Authority of Health.

The diagnosis is made after consideration of the karyotype, that is to say the chromosomes.

Features of Trisomy 21

We must understand that there is no “portrait-robot” kind of a child with Trisomy 21 down syndrome. Everyone is different.

Thus a large difference exists at all levels, whether one speaks of psychomotor development, intellectual or language.

However, researchers identified a number of characteristics that may be present. Only a few will be cited:

- Mental retardation of varying degree (IQ 20 to 80 with a mean of 50);

- Psychomotor retardation (sitting, walking …)

- Muscular hypotonia;

- Small size;

- Flat face, round with a broad nose;

- Small mouth with a tongue that tends to emerge;

- Small teeth delayed appearance…

Support the child with a trisomy 21

The management is first medical, because of the presence in 40% of cases of cardiac malformation, diagnosed and operated upon the birth of the child.

Because of delays in psychomotor development, a support is often advocated in psychomotor, like tracking for speech LI orally or in learning to read.

In any field, the early intervention is important to allow better development of the child and may begin in the first days of life.

This concerns both the child’s parents, whose role is essential and will have to overcome the announcement of disability and understand how to help their child.

Schooling

The child may be enrolled in a Special Class (CLIS: class or school integration UPI: educational unit of integration) or ordinary, helped by a school career.

Learning is to adapt to the difficulties of children whose progress is slower and require more repetitions and exercises to lead to success.

The Partnership between all stakeholders is essential.

Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome: Characteristics and Risk Factors is a post from: Personal Health Blog

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The researchers diagnose dyslexia by MRI activation during reading of the brain of adolescents with dyslexia 14 years, then renewed the measures two and a half years later. Children who had the most progress in reading were those who sought the more a region of their right brain, the inferior frontal gyrus, which also had the best connections between this region and those of the hearing. When these two criteria are met, Fumiko Hoeft and colleagues found to predict improvement of reading in more than 70% of adolescents with dyslexia, and even in 90% of them if all the brain data are taken into account.

Specific exercises

The right inferior frontal gyrus was already known to be recruited by dyslexics during reading, and more so they are older, so that the activity of the left hemisphere is crucial in normal readers. The study shows the importance of the right hemisphere in the compensation mechanisms put in place in dyslexics. These results also confirm that an alternative strategy brain reading may develop in some children with dyslexia and the authors suggest that other methods of learning to read could be their most profitable.

The way is it open for a discussion of any child dyslexic brain MRI? “No, Ghislaine Dehaene into perspective, a pediatrician and a specialist unit for Cognitive Neuroimaging in Saclay. This study should not forget that each child is unique and dyslexia a complex phenomenon that results from multiple factors. Difficult to distinguish some sounds seems a major risk factor for subsequent development of dyslexia and could be detected at birth in families particularly affected. This type of study based on brain imaging may also give us some avenues to explore to help children compensate for their deficits. ”

In France, dyslexia affects about 5% of children and manifests itself from the PC by a difficulty in associating letters and sounds, especially for short sounds like p, t, b. The diagnosis is carried by the attending physician, may lead to specific exercises that will correct at least in part. This learning disability has a genetic component; family history exists in approximately 70% of cases. It may be aggravated by a weak reading practice, which explains in part why the socially disadvantaged who are most affected. Multiple methods exist to correct the child, but “in most cases, said Ghislaine Dehaene, the best education is still the practice of reading from an early age, even if only through comics Internet.”

Diagnose dyslexia through brain imaging is a post from: Personal Health Blog

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While someone is more skilled in dealing with another language is better, but “everything helps,” said Ellen Bialystok, professor of psychology at York University in Toronto.

Most of the study focused on bilingualism in young children. The scientists wondered why the simple act of talking to children in two languages allows them to learn both at the same time that most take to learn a little.

They said that their brain seems to become more flexible and better able to perform several tasks at once. As they get older, your brain is better off “executive control”, a feature that allows better performance. In the words of Bialystok, is “the most important part of your mind.”

And how to juggle when you’re young mentally translates into a kind of better protection against cognitive decline when he is old?

Bialystok studied 450 patients with Alzheimer’s, all with the same degree of impairment at the time of diagnosis. Half have two languages spoken regularly during most of their lives and the rest are monolingual.

Bilingual patients had symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and were diagnosed between four and five years later than patients who spoke one language, the researcher said at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science, AAAS).

Being bilingual does nothing to prevent someone has Alzheimer’s disease, but once the disease began its attack silent, those years of “executive control” the person will offer great protection for the symptoms may not appear so fast, said Bialystok.

“They have been able to insult the disease,” he said.

Psychologist professor Teresa Bajo, University of Granada in Spain, said that bilingual patients are essentially two languages “on” all the time, but that the brain learns to inhibit is not necessary.

That is a fairly constant, but it is not the only area where it occurs.

The psychologist at the University of British Columbia Janet Werker studied children exposed to two languages from birth to see why they do not confuse the two, saying that bilingual babies quickly learn to pay more attention than others.

Speaking Two Languages (Bilingual) Seems to Delay Alzheimer’s Disease is a post from: Personal Health Blog

A child with a learning disability is usually an intelligent child, who initially tries to follow instructions, concentrate and have good behavior at home and school. However, the child has not mastered the homework and starts to lag. Some of these children also have difficulty sitting still or paying attention. Learning disability affects at least 15% of the school population.

It is estimated that the specific learning disability are caused by the difficulty of the nervous system that affects the collection, processing or reporting these children are (Dyslexia). Some of hyperactive and / or distracted, with very short attention span, which is known as Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Dyslexia is one type of learning disability that affects a number of children and teenagers.

These children with dyslexia are treated and their condition is not serious, usually, but if the disorder is not detected and treated early, the problem may increase and complicated fast. A child in elementary school does not learn addition, upon reaching high school, can not understand algebra. The child who tries to learn with great effort and develop progressively frustrated emotional problems such as lack of self esteem, the result of repeated failures. Some children with learning disability can also have behavioral problems, preferring to look “bad” instead of “stupid or gross.” Parents should know the signs that most often indicate learning disability in children. Usually with typical dyslexia symptoms:

1. Difficulty in attending or following directions.

2. Difficulty remembering what you just said.

3. Academic failure because of poor command of skills in reading, writing and / or arithmetic.

4. Difficulty in distinguishing between right and left, for example, confusing 25 with 52, the b to d, for at, on or not, etc.

5. Defects in coordination – when walking, sports, simple hands-on activities such as holding a pencil, tying your shoes or make a loop -.

6. Lost his notes from school, books, notebooks and other materials.

7. You can not learn the concepts of time, confusing “yesterday,” today “,” tomorrow. ”

The child psychiatrist or psychologist will work with educators and school staff, for testing that can detect the reason for the difficulty, diagnosis and treatment of dyslexia or in the use and presence of specific learning disability. After interviewing the child and family, and to assess the situation, the child psychiatrist or psychologist will make recommendations regarding appropriate school placement for the child with dyslexia, the need for special assistance, dyslexia academic therapy, occupational, or speech, and take steps to help the child develop their full potential.

Sometimes the psychiatrist prescribes medication when necessary to control hyperactivity or dyslexia. Work with the child in strengthening their self-confidence, essential for healthy emotional development. It will also help parents and other family members to face the reality of living with a child with specific learning disability.

Dyslexia and Attention of Learning Disability is a post from: Personal Health Blog

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The term dyslexia is used to describe a syndrome or set of specific causes, which manifests as a difficulty for the distinction and memorization of letters or groups of letters, lack of order and rhythm in the placement, poor sentence structure, etc.; which is evident in both reading and writing.

What causes dyslexia?

Dyslexia in children is the effect of multiple causes, which can be divided between two poles. On the one hand the neurophysiological factors, by a slower maturation of the nervous system and other unresolved conflicts, caused by the pressures and stresses of the environment in which the child develops.

We understand the difficulties such as dyslexia in children to learning read and write even though the subject is subjected to a formal education, have an adequate level of intellectual and cultural opportunities are correct.

Dyslexia in children
The child with dyslexia has great difficulty in reading and writing can be seen on:
- Read slow, laborious and fraught with errors.
- Poor spelling.
- Unions or incorrect separation of words.

It also presents difficulties in the automation of learning and memory (learning something and soon forget it.) In addition to successfully costing activities where you need to apply various skills (e.g., an essay in which he has to pay attention to spelling, punctuation, organization of ideas …).

Dyslexia in children is not expressed in the same way or with the same intensity in every child. Therefore, the recovery will be determined by the characteristics of each person and family and school environment that pertinence. It is clear that the basis for a successful recovery is early detection, before the child is living the failure experience.

The child with dyslexia can learn to read, but will do differently, with a different method and a special treatment, giving strategies and techniques to cope with their difficulties in reading and writing, teaching different skills help you to understand and memorizing texts. Parents should know about dyslexia in children and they must place in the hands of a professional who can guide them in the best way to help their child.

Dyslexia in children would be the manifestation of a number of disorders that can sometimes occur in a comprehensive manner, but more often some of them appear in isolation. These are symptoms of dyslexia in children:
:

Mal lateralization: Laterality is the process by which the child develops a preference or dominance of one side of his body on the other. We refer to the hands and feet. If the prevalence is on the right side is an individual right, if left side is called left-handed, and if you have not gotten a lateral domain in some of the sides, is called ambidextrous.

In general, laterality is not established before 5 or 6, although some children already show a predominance side from a very young age.

Children with some alteration in the evolution of handedness, associated disorders often lead organization in the vision of space and language that come to constitute the core of the dyslexia problem.

The largest number of dyslexic case occur in children who do not have a defined lateral dominance, laterality influences on the motor, so that a child with a poorly defined lateral often clumsy when performing manual and graphic strokes often uncoordinated.

Psychomotor alterations: It is very common for dyslexic children, with or without lateral problems, have undergone any change in their motor skills (relationship between motor function and psychological). This is psycho-motor immaturity, i.e., general clumsiness of movement. The anomalies do not occur in isolation of dyslexia in children, but accompany other specific disorders such as:

o Lack of rhythm: That is evident both in the performance of movements as in speech, with pauses misplaced that become apparent in reading and writing.
o Lack of balance: often have difficulty maintaining static and dynamic balance. For example, it takes a stand on one foot, jumping, cycling, go on line, etc.
or deficient knowledge of the body scheme. Closely tied to the determination of laterality and motor skills is the knowledge of the body scheme and especially the right-left distinction, referring to the body. Thus the right child (usually type, eat, etc. With the right hand) and lefty (writing, eating … to the left) have their right hand and left, respectively, as key reference points on which to base their spatial orientation. The bad boy lateralized, by having a poor body image, lack of accurate reference points for proper guidance. The body places the subject in space and from the body as are all set benchmarks by which all activity is organized.

Perceptual Disorders: All spatial perception is founded on the fundamental structure of body awareness. Objects are placed taking into the position, the space on one street is really no right or left, depending on the position where it is located the person.

Also the concept that has top-down, front-back, referred to himself, he projected in his knowledge of the spatial relationships in general.

Similarly, in reading and writing, the child must be based on its coordinates top-down, right-left, front-back, and put them in the paper, the direction and shape of each sign represented. The child who can not see it up-down will be difficult to differentiate the letters.

These tips on how to recognize sign of dyslexia in children merely indicate the possibility of dyslexia:

Inattention. Due to the intellectual effort they have to do to overcome their specific perceptual difficulties, they often have a high degree of fatigue. For this reason the learning of reading and writing will become dry, uninteresting, not finding in them no appeal claiming his attention.

Disinterest in the study. The lack of attention, coupled with a family environment and school unstimulating, it was uninterested make homework. Thus, their performance and grades are low.

Personal maladjustment. Dyslexic children are not geared well in space and time, is without points of reference or support, thus introducing uncertainty and lack of stability in their reactions. As compensation mechanism is excessive self-confidence and even vanity that leads him to defend his extreme views.

Understanding Dyslexia in Children: Signs and Symptoms is a post from: Personal Health Blog

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Stress, insomnia and insecurity are three problems in that many mothers may suffer after giving birth. It’s a cocktail that, in addition to other conditions, can lead to postpartum depression symptom. But this problem is not only exclusive to them. Parents also increasingly involved in the upbringing of their children, may suffer. “The changing roles explain this trend,” says psychiatrist Belen Hernandez Herrera Murcia, Mallorca Manacor Hospital.

In addition, parents enjoy a much shorter leave than mothers, and the effort to balance work and tasks related to the children worsens the feeling of anxiety and insomnia. Several investigations suggest the existence of a postpartum depression in men. One of the latest is the Pulson Professor, Faculty of Medicine of Eastern Virginia (USA), who says the problem affects 10% of new parents.

The psychiatrist Belen Hernandez also has studied the depression that appears after the baby’s arrival. In the case of mothers, he notes, the incidence reaches 15%. In reality, the disease is under diagnosed. “It’s something that has always existed, but now that we’re detecting more, as with other psychiatric illnesses.”

Postpartum depression symptom arises in the case of women, the main affected “by the” guilt “that generates them” the feeling they are enjoying their motherhood, that they are not happy and they should be. “Stress, anxiety, insecurity, feelings of “worthlessness”, blocks these people from enjoying them and pulls them to depression. A psychosocial factors bind “the hormonal changes that occur during childbirth and postpartum.” That is, there is a physiological basis. The problem is that while in other women these hormonal changes are reflected only in the early days and a tiredness that ends up happening in these other mothers the situation degenerates into a depression.

The idea that the drop in estrogen and progesterone affect the appearance of a depressed state is not new. There may also be related to changes that occur in neurotransmitters. Specifically, Hernandez points to the possible influence of oxytocin, which acts as a neurotransmitter and as a number of investigations is related to what some call the ‘instinct’ maternal.

Some symptoms can help detect the problem: sadness, inability to enjoy the child and in general things that were pleasurable before, insomnia, guilt, anxiety, fatigue and stress.

Little research

There looked to many women with this disease and reviewed the published literature on the subject. Their findings, outlined in the X National Congress of Psychiatry, suggest that postpartum depression often goes undiagnosed, and it is a disease still little investigated. Belen Hernandez has identified several risk factors that increase the risk of this type of depression: lack of family support or partner and, in particular, a history of depression. Everybody who has experienced this disease is very probable that falls to the pressure from caring for a child, especially if you’re new mother. They can also influence the economic problems or conflicts between partners. Dr. Hernandez says that postpartum depression is under diagnosed and, moreover, is often detected late. The guilt felt by many women with this disease leads them to delay their visit to the doctor. When you decide to consult with the psychiatrist, the treatment comes too late.

Postpartum depression treatment

This treatment usually happens by inhibitors antidepressants and serotonin reuptake. Diagnosing depression time is crucial because the disease can lead to recurrent thoughts of death and suicide. In fact, some of the patients he has treated Dr. Hernandez had attempted suicide. But to detect cases early, it is also necessary that the very professional conscience.

Postpartum depression symptom can also affect men is a post from: Personal Health Blog

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In his view, “is essential to maintain your computer, mobile TV and beyond the reach of teenagers while they are supposed to sleep ‘, as it may have implications for their health as” not adequate rest and therefore the body does not make the roles you have performed during the night and the young crawl chronic fatigue.

According to Romero, there are other consequences such as lower educational achievement. “The teenager who pass midnight waiting for a message or to be awakened at four am not going to sleep well and will come to school tired. Fall asleep in class and it is impossible to hear what the professor explained. The result will be a few weeks later when the going gets suspended, “he warned at this situation, in his view contributed to parental neglect,” because they let them do what they feel like it because they see nothing wrong in having the whole mobile night with them. Do not even think they can send or receive messages at three in the morning.

Currently, according to data provided in the Survey on Equipment and Use of Information Technologies and Communication in 2009 of households National Institute of Statistics, two and a half million Spanish children between ten and fifteen, who are most affected and losers can be seen by these situations, 68.4 percent have their own mobile phone, “who generally uses his whim,” recalled Romero.

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