For your genealogical research, accurate typing of HLA genes is probably the best tool offered by modern genetics! These genes indeed inform us about many things concerning the living and the environment in which our ancestors were.

In terms of genealogical studies and determination of ethnic or tribal, the use of conventional genetic markers such as Y-STR and mitochondrial DNA proposed by many laboratories have the advantage of determining the purely paternal lineage the purely maternal.

However, we must be aware that this is only two specific lines of many who have yet equally valuable in the total chromosomal inheritance of an individual. (Each of us has N ² ancestral lines, N being the number of generations considered. Example: 10 lines = 1024 generations).

Although it is also one among others, the parental line of the HLA system is certainly an attractive alternative.

Indeed, this group of genes has the distinction of having played in every generation, and even a major asset not only for the survivability of the individual in its own environmental context but also in choosing a partner that he will have to pass on their genes to better put together the next generation, not to mention the whole context to be sentimental or passionate with this link!

Complex HLA genes have the distinction of being all concentrated in a limited region of the short arm of chromosome 6.

This concentration is, by the principles of genetics that each set of genes that is carried by a chromosome (haplotype) will be transmitted with high probability in full and without substantial modification of its sequence from generation to generation.

Most of the complex HLA genes have very high sequence variability among the world’s population (polymorphism).

This polymorphism, which can be solved by the techniques of modern molecular biology close to nucleotide (SNP: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) – coupled with the special properties of intra-familial transmission of the haplotype allows us to apply molecular HLA typing tests of parenthood with excellent reliability.

The special properties of block transmission of ancestral HLA haplotype between several generations of his side can go back to tribal origins and ethical link to this group of genes that is essential to the survival of the individual in a particular environmental (infections bacterial, viral and parasitic existence at that time and in that place).

The DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic information present in the cells of every living being. Chromosomes are composed of two long strands (forming a double helix) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In the nucleus of human cells are 46 (2 X 23) chromosomes which represents all the hereditary traits of a person.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) contains the information necessary for cell survival, such information is transmitted to each generation. The Paternity Testing operates on the principle that each individual inherits half the genetic material of his mother and half from his father. If it does not possess the characteristics that the child is presumed biological paternity is excluded. In practice, a paternity test can be performed using two different methods:

- Comparative examination of blood

- Comparing DNA

The conducting a paternity test includes the removal of a small amount of DNA, isolated from the cell body (e.g. after the oral mucosa (such as those made by the forensic series CSI). Then, segments of DNA-encoded non-multiply by a chain reaction called polymers. These segments contain repetitive sequences that are in the form of micro-satellites. The different “alleles” of such a system, based on different lengths, can be made visible by the electrophoresis of DNA. Confirmation or denial of a genetic relationship happens through the analysis of various genetic systems described above. Because of the variability of the desired system, modern analysis of DNA offers, as part of the analysis of paternity, a huge amount of information. Because half of the allele of a child from the mother and half from the father, a presumed father must coincide with the son for all characteristics that are not inherited from the mother. Using biostatistical methods, it is possible to give the probability of paternity with a numerical result. It is considered that paternity is confirmed, if the probability of the value reported at or above 99.9%. The exact values ​​will be commented in a differentiated way in the test result. The reversal of paternity is 100% sure, and on this point, no statistics are needed.

To perform a paternity test the DNA of father and child are presumed compared. The DNA test (comparison of genetic information) is lighter and just as reliable as the blood test (99.99%). The Paternity Tests sold on the Internet generally involve making a buccal swab to analyze the DNA in the cells of the saliva. For a membership test, paternity testing by taking samples of the lining of the child immediately lets you know the truth with 99.9% paternity test accuracy. Some paternity testing laboratory offer to conduct a paternity test by analyzing whether the oral mucosa, a sample of blood, hair, a toothbrush, and cigarette butt…

To take a paternity test, you just order paternity test kit from a laboratory. Once the collection of saliva done, you send your sample for analysis. The results are output to reach you within an average of 15 days. Several types of tests are available, the price varies depending on the reliability rate: 99.9% to 99.9999%. To produce a DNA test as part of a lawsuit, you must make an appointment with a certified laboratory after court approval.

Gout is an inherited disease of purine metabolism with increased levels of uric acid in the blood and chronic deposits of sodium urate in the tissues (joints, kidneys, skin).

Triggering a gout attack

Purines are molecules like adenine and guanine, as found in DNA molecules, and that is also found in large quantities in meat, especially offal. When there are too many purines, such as during cancer treatment that destroys cells in the body or in excess of foods high in purines, the rate of uric acid increases and can trigger an attack of arthritis.

Finally, the drop may be due to a defect in uric acid excretion by the kidney.

Who is affected by gout?

Gout is a common disease which particularly affects Men over 40 years and is often associated with other chronic diseases such as obesity, Diabetes, disorders of blood fat, hypertension, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, hypothyroidism or to Pregnancy. Medications can cause an increase in uric acid in the blood, such as TB drugs, diuretics or aspirin. Finally gout can be triggered by trauma, stress, Infection, surgery, excessive eating or drinking (beer).

The cause of this disease is well often genetic (There are families of gout), and one of the genes responsible has been identified.

Treatment of gout

The treatment includes a slimming diet for gout and suppression of alcohol, especially beer, while moderate consumption of wine is acceptable. Sodas should be removed because of the presence of fructose, which increases the rate of uric acid.

The coffee would be an excellent addition to treatment, because coffee drinkers are less affected by this disease, as well as vitamin C.

The diet for gout should avoid possible foods rich in purines: Organ meats, anchovies, seafood, asparagus, spinach, beans.

In an inheritance, for example, sometimes the question about fatherhood appears within a family. By studying the genetic code of individuals, it is possible to prove the genetic link between father and child. However, paternity tests are carried out within a legal framework and explore the results may have important consequences for a lifetime.

Prove his paternity through a test

Once the doubts cast on the authenticity of a genetic link, it is difficult to definitively rule without going through the box Medical Test.

Paternity DNA testing is a reliable method to confirm or deny the genetic link and reliability rate ranged between 99% and 100%.

The decision to conduct a paternity test should not be taken lightly. We must reflect on emotional consequences that can generate the results: Broken risk, trauma in children…

We must also bear in mind the legal consequences for the possibility of a change of name, nationality or the parental authority.

Genetic information contained in a paternity DNA test

By studying the genetic code and a number of “markers” of DNA, it is possible to determine a biological relationship between two individuals.

To link paternity between a man and a child, we must study the genetic code via DNA test. Each child inherits half the genetic material from each parent.

To perform a paternity test, we must collect at least the DNA of the child and the father. The test is even more effective if supplemented by the DNA of the mother.

DNA is each of our cells. For analysis, we most often takes saliva or blood.

Make a paternity test

Many websites offer to conduct paternity tests at home. For this, the laboratories (located abroad) will send a kit to collect DNA from people concerned. You can then send everything by post.

The analysis takes about 1 week.

The results are sent discreetly.

Paternity DNA tests are relatively expensive. Count between 150 € and 600 € depending on the complexity of the test and the laboratory that did the analysis.

Attention: These tests are informative only! They are legal in Canada, Belgium and Switzerland.

Legal limits

In France, the paternity test must be ordered by a judge to have legal value. He also performs in the laboratory with an ID for adults and a certificate for minors. This test can take place without the consent of the alleged father.

French law is very strict on the protection of the human body. If you order a paternity test abroad, the shipment may be confiscated by customs. You may also be sentenced to one year imprisonment and a fine of € 15 000 (section 226-28 of the Penal Code).

Laws Bioethics (Art. 16-11 CC) regulate research on kinship ties. They prohibit, among other things make DNA identifications after the death of a person.

Advances in medicine now allow us to establish the relationship between individuals from a single sample which is called DNA.

DNA: a single molecule

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule containing the complete genetic heritage of a living being.

It is this molecule that allows an organization to develop according to the information: species, number of members, eye color, etc.

When playing, the child inherits half of the DNA the mother and half from the father’s DNA. The genes are segments of DNA.

DNA is present in every cell of our body. A biological sample carrier DNA is very simple to obtain.

Making a DNA test

A DNA test is performed in a laboratory.

The DNA test comes under several names depending on the purpose of the test and subjects:

- Paternity Test;

- Maternity test;

- Testing of siblings (test Zigot for twins)…

A biological relationship between two individuals is established when they share at least 50% of their genetic code.

There are several methods DNA sample:

- Mouth swab: just rub the inside of the cheek with the cotton swab;

- blood: It is less and less used as impractical;

- Non-standard samples (when the person can not be present): cigarette butts, chewing gum, hair, teeth, bones, bodily fluids…

Regulations related to DNA test

In France, the DNA tests have value in the legal sense, only when requested by a court.

The different tests (including paternity testing) are available for purchase on the Internet for information only and will not be admissible in court. These tests are offered by laboratories in Belgium or Switzerland.

Indeed, Belgium, Switzerland and Canada, these DNA tests are legal. This is not the case in France.

To perform DNA testing, we need samples of at least two people.

For example, to build a relationship of paternity must be the DNA of the child and alleged father. The DNA of the mother can complete the analysis. Similarly, for more complex processes, it is possible to link paternity from DNA of two brothers.

If dermatologists now have a wide range of treatments to tackle blackheads and pimples inflammatory, oily skin can also enjoy the benefits of natural acne solutions.

Facial sauna with essential oils

To remove impurities and clean your skin, take time once a week to make a facial sauna.

For 3 to 5 minutes, his head covered with a towel to minimize evaporation of steam and active ingredients, place your face over a bowl of boiling water into which you put 1-2 drops of Essential Oil Geranium Bourbon, A plant with healing properties and antibacterial recognized.

Clay masks

To clean your skin thoroughly without irritating, prefer the green clay erasures, often too aggressive. With its absorbent properties, it will clean your skin, tighten your pores and promote healing smoothly.

To prepare your mask, put the camomile water in a bowl (it is known for its soothing properties), pour the clay powder until a smooth paste and add 5 drops of lemon essential oil (This is an excellent natural antiseptic).

Apply this mixture in a thick layer on your face and neck. And rinse with warm water when the clay begins to dry. Care to repeat this natural acne solutions twice a week.

Wild pansy herbal tea

Detoxifying and antibacterial properties of pansy make an ally of choice for problem skins.

To find a clearer skin, make a course of two months as capsules or SIPF (full suspension of fresh plant).

You can also prepare your own herbal tea. In 1 liter of cold water, throw a handful of wild pansy, boil for 1 minute, then let steep for 10 minutes. To benefit from its natural acne solutions, drink-in two to three cups per day.

Homeopathy

Some natural acne solutions have proven themselves in the care of acne prone skin but do not hesitate to consult a homeopathic doctor, he will prescribe the treatment best suited to your property.

- In all cases take 5 granules per day Sulfur iodatum 9 CH.

- Your skin tends to shine, you have black spots: take 5 granules a day of Selenium 5 CH.

- Your pimples are infected, take 5 pellets per day Kalium Bromatum 9 CH.

Use of zinc

The value of this trace element in the natural acne solutions is now shown: during time, it takes several months of treatment; Zinc can act on Propionibacterium acnes, the bacteria responsible for acne, reduce inflammation and promote healing. One constraint: the capsules should be taken between meals at least 30 minutes before or 2 hours later.

Some people complain of mild gastrointestinal disorders: it is sufficient to take them before bed to avoid being disturbed by possible bloating. They were not aware of any other side effects.

As for cons, indications, they are also very limited: only pregnant women can not take during the first trimester of pregnancy. Treatment very well tolerated and very effective then, but that should be associated with a local treatment because the results are sometimes slow to be felt.

So we hoped confined to puberty, acne affects more and more adults. If teen buttons invade cheeks, past 25-30 years, are found mainly on the chin, jaws, that is to say, the area extending from chin to ear lobes, and neck. These inflammatory lesions are very deep and painful, with a significant risk of scarring.

Factors favoring adult acne

If the power seems play no role, Figure Tobacco on Trial. Like Pollution the hormonal fluctuations and stress.

Numerous studies conducted among young women concerned have also revealed a relationship with the misuse of their cosmetics. Thinking that their skin is dry then it is dehydrated, the latter apply creams are too rich to promote the accumulation of sebum on the surface, resulting in clogged pores and the appearance of blackheads. Conversely, to fight against their oily skin, they abuse masks and scrubs that will irritate the skin and encourage overproduction of sebum, a natural defense reaction of the skin.

Local treatments for adult acne

In case of mild to moderate acne, the application every night creams prescribed by a dermatologist may be sufficient to curb the problem.

Equally important, Clean your face and neck in the morning and evening, with gentle products. Pain dermatological surgras, milk, cleansing water, whatever, choose the product that suits you best. The key is to cleanse your skin without irritating it. It should under no circumstances “pull”.

The skins have acne also need to be hydrated with hypoallergenic and non comedogenic creams. In the morning, of course, to protect them from external aggressions throughout the day. But also in the evening, thirty minutes after application of treatments that prescribed by a dermatologist, to offset the drying effect and irritation potential of these products.

Oral treatments

Antibiotics

In case of severe adult acne, antibiotics treatments taken for 3-4 months will bring a significant improvement and minimize the risk of scarring. But beware, they can encourage the growth of yeast infections.

Zinc

Taken long term, allow several months of treatments for adult acne, this trace element can act on Propionibacterium acnes, bacteria responsible for acne, to limit the inflammatory reaction and promote healing.

Isotretinoin

Derivative Vitamin A, Better known to the general public under the name Accutane ®, isotretinoin is reserved for recurrent or severe acne. It gives very good results in adolescents. In adults, they are more mixed. Side effects and cons of isotretinoin-indications are very important but it remains a significant solution.

Practice good sun protection. The sun is a false friend of acne. If we perceive an improvement during the sunny months, there is often an effect “bounce” of acne after the holidays. Not to mention that the sun is very bad terms with most anti-acne prescribed by your dermatologist.

Stay tidy. Makeup is a valuable ally of the acne-prone skin. It forms an additional barrier against the sun and you’ll be less tempted to break your buttons because they are well camouflaged. To mitigate the inflamed spots, apply a concealer green, specific to acne, which will neutralize the red color while treating imperfection. And to limit the relief appearance of the presence of microcysts under the skin, use a foundation smoothing high tolerance, non-comedogenic and hypoallergenic.

The stretching movements, while relaxing muscles and constitute a moment of relaxation. This gym relaxing, and apparently actually easy to achieve, provides a surprisingly well-being. It often helps to avoid the escalation of drug treatment.

To perform these gestures of relaxation in excellent conditions, practice the first group, led by a physiotherapist or a gym teacher.

Do not imagine that relaxation is a complex method, requiring a long apprenticeship. It’s more a habit that must become daily, in devoting yourself to it, for example, before sleeping.

It uses a number of movements found in several techniques: the teachings of yoga, which we describe below, but also the processes of stretching and relaxation used by all athletes.

Spend fifteen minutes a day at the gym anti-stress, eases tension in muscles and joints.

Here are some moves you can perform safely

1. Supine, Eyes closed, legs slightly bent, take a knee and the plate against your chest to relax the lower back. Hold a few seconds and repeat with other leg.

2. Kneeling, Buttocks on the feet, hands clasped behind his back, put his head against the floor. Relax, forget everything around you. Imagine that you weigh very heavy and your head sinks into the ground. Stay in this position at least one minute.

3. Supine, Knees bent, place one hand on the ribs and the other on the belly. Inhale through the abdomen and chest. Exhale, emptying the chest, then stomach, everything very slowly.

4. Sitting upright legs straight, resting his hands behind his back, pull the toes toward you as much as possible without moving the rest of the body. Hold this position for a few seconds and release slowly exhaling deeply.

5. Cross-legged, the bust perfectly straight, hands resting on the floor, you grow up and make large circles with your shoulders, ten forward and ten backwards.

6. Sat, Knees bent and glued against the body, put your elbows on your knees and massage your scalp with your fingertips, as if to take off the skull.

7. In the same position, place your hands on the neck, on either side of the cervical spine. Massage yourself by bringing your fingers forward and sending the head back gently.

8. Also in this position, Use the inside edge of your brow against your knee and let it roll to the outer edge. Repeat with the other arcade.

All these movements are to carry four to ten times very slowly until you feel a sensation of muscular relaxation and nervous.

Bath

Bathing should also be a great moment of relaxation, whether you take it before bed or leave for a party (in this case, finish it with a cooler shower, which you will restore tone). After a tiring day, make it a privileged moment of relaxation. Take the opportunity to perform slowly and repeatedly.

1. Sitting in your bathtub put your hands on your stomach. Inhale through your nose, then exhale slowly pulling in the stomach.

2. Neck deep in water, Tilt the chin down, and then make half-circles from right to left, up the head.

3. Always immersed in water, Raise your shoulders, stay in this position a few seconds, then release.

4. Bend the knee against the chest wrestling and lengthen the leg. Repeat with the other.

5. Finally, Relax your feet from the shower spray under the arch, toes to the heel.

Daily

If you sit a long time and feel muscle tension associated with this stillness, you can just seconds you untie the neck and kidneys.

For the neck, sitting upright, arms at your sides, make a few rounds with his head, slowly, completely relaxing the muscles of the neck, shoulders without trace.

For kidneys, still seated, lean forward, arms resting on your knees, release the head and breathe deeply by the round back.

If you work all day in front of a computer, it is advisable to get up and do some stretching exercises every two hours.

The sleep disorder is the most common insomnia. It affects about a quarter of the adult population, twice as many women as men, and especially as we advance in age.

What is insomnia?

Insomnia is a lack of sleep complained. The insomnia sleep disorder thus excludes the short sleepers who only four or five hours of sleep, without suffering or complaining, to include, however, they are sufficiently numerous, who complain of pain and little sleep, but we see that they sleep, in fact, eight hours of quality sleep.

If insomnia is sometimes seen as a subjective phenomenon, it is often a real disorder characterized by difficulty sleeping or no sleep recovery. Each can be one day or another subject to insomnia, but the real problem arises when it becomes chronic.

It usually takes one of three forms:

- Difficulty falling asleep, which often affects hyper or hypo-active;

- A light sleep and irregular;

- An inability to extend his night beyond three or four hours (very common in the elderly).

Fight against insomnia

After some time, it is not uncommon for the anguish of the insomnia sleep disorders becomes a major problem. The insomniac can not sleep … because he is afraid of not sleeping!

In most cases, this phenomenon corresponds to a sub-activity and / or intellectual. The best response is then to try to increase this activity by, for example, the Regular practice of a sport. Sleep is designed to recover, it is still necessary to have spent some energy.

The answer to insomnia should, initially, to leave some space for natural remedies. The comfort of bed a comfortable temperature, silence, regular hours and a sleep ritual can help to get back to sleep.

Some herbal sleeping pills (chamomile, vervain), may also be a help for insomnia sleep disorders. The drugs, meanwhile, can be used for rehabilitation of sleep, but only for very short periods and in all cases after consulting a doctor.

Improve sleep

To improve his sleep, we recommend reading our fact sheet sleep better. There are 5 easy tips to implement that should help you Improve Your Sleep.

The sleep cycles consists of about 90 minutes, which occur between 3 and 6 times during the sleep period. These cycles are themselves composed of three distinct stages: slow wave sleep, REM sleep and sleep through.

REM sleep

It lasts between 60 and 75 minutes per cycle and is divided into four stages:

- falling asleep is a transition stage between wakefulness and sleep. Your alertness decreases, your heart rate slows and your muscles relax.

The light sleep equivalents to about 50% of your total sleep time. You sleep, but you remain aware of your surroundings (noise, movement, and lighting).

The deep sleep is the phase where your heartbeat slows down and becomes more regular.

The deep sleep: You’re cut off from the outside world, and it is difficult to wake up. You retrieve the fatigue physics.

REM sleep

The REM sleep is about quarter of total sleep time, 15 to 20 minutes per cycle. Your muscles are completely relaxed, but the brain showed a very intense activity, accompanied by rapid eye movements, breathing and an irregular heartbeat.

This is the “paradox” of this phase: you seem to be about to wake you when in fact you sleep very deeply. 80% of dreams occur during REM sleep, which promotes recovery from mental and nervous person.

Sleep through

It a brief phase, which occur during the micro-awakenings. In most cases you do not remember it. Otherwise, you will have the sensation of not having slept a wink all night. In principle, this phase can lead to either a different sleep cycles, or the complete clock.

There is no rule regarding the number of cycles required for recovery: if your sleep is restorative cycles can follow each other smoothly, without interruption or disturbance. In case of sudden alarm, you must restart the cycle.